War Poetry

Hello everyone I'm writing these blog as a thinking activity assigned by our ma'am. There are five poems in these blog which I'll be talking about they are 

1.)Dulce et Decorum Est - Wilfred Owen

 2.) The Soldier - RUPERT BROOKE

3.) The Fear – Wilfrid Wilson Gibson

4.) The Hero - Siegfried Sassoon 

5.) The Target - Ivor Gurney

Difference between all the war poet's:-

All these five poets are associated with the horrors of World War I, each one of them have distinct voices and approaches towards the tragedy of war. There are several differences among the poet's let's take a brief overview;

Wilfred Owen:

Owen's poems focuses on the are brutality, honesty and graphics, highlighting on the physical and psychological suffering of soldiers. He uses irony and powerful imagery to expose the worthlessness of war. Famous poems include "Dulce et Decorum Est," "Anthem for Doomed Youth." His style is characterized by controlled anger, passionate pleasant for peace, and talks about the realism that confronts readers with the harsh realities of war.

Rupert Brooke:

Prior to the war, Brooke wrote romantic and patriotic poems, often idealizing war as a noble and glorious adventure. However, his later poems express a deeper awareness of the cost of war, exploring themes of mortality and loss. Famous poems include "The Soldier," "1914," and "The Great Lover." His writing style is lyrical and melodic, using rich imagery and symbolism to express emotions. His tone shifts from early idealism to a later acknowledgment of war's darkness.

Wilfred Wilson Gibson:

Gibson's poems outlines the everyday lives and struggles of working-class soldiers, with a strong emphasis on social realism and courageous language. He criticizes the hypocrisy of war by showcasing the sacrifices made by ordinary people. Famous poems include "The Conscript," and "Behind the Lines." He uses the direct and undecorated, drawing heavily on dialect and natural language to capture the lived experiences of soldiers 

Siegfried Sassoon:

Like Owen, Sassoon focuses on the miserable realities, employing satire and glacial irony to criticize the military establishment and expose the psychological trauma of war. Famous poems include "Suicide in the Trenches," and "The Hero." Sassoon's style is versatile, ranging from sardonic humor to poignant elegy. He uses vivid imagery and strong emotional cadences to convey the horrors of war and the disillusionment of soldiers.

Ivor Gurney:

Gurney's poems are combine personal experiences of the battlefield with themes of nature and beauty, often finding relief in the natural world amongst the chaos of war. His poems also reveal his struggles with shell shock and mental illness. Famous poems include "The Crown," "Out there," and "Severn Meadows." Gurney's writing style is lyrical and self-analysing, marked by rich imagery and musicality. He uses traditional forms and free verse to express his complex emotions and search for meaning in the face of war's destruction.

Here above we can see the differences in their approaches reflect their individual experiences, personalities, and artistic styles, contributing to the richness and diversity of WWI poetry.

Comparison among the two poems i.e "The Fear" by Wilfrid Wilson Gibson and "The Hero" by Siegfried Sassoon:

The two, "The Fear" and "The Hero" grapple with the psychological unrest of war, although through conflict with the contact and with different expressions of patriotism. Let's see those aspects:

While looking towards the Subject matter "The Fear" poem delves into the internal chaos of a soldier facing the battlefield. Gibson captures the painful, initial fear that grips him despite his outward display of bravery. He exposes the human cost of war, highlighting the emotional scars it leaves even on those who survive physically. In "The Hero", on the other hand, critiques are the creation of war heroes. He satirizes the public's perception of heroism, contrasting it with the soldier's actual experience of suffering. He challenges the notion of patriotism that blindly celebrates war without acknowledging its psychological destruction. 

When we look at the writing style Gibson inherits in his poem vivid imagery and severe metaphors to depict the soldier's fear. He uses short, heavy lines and disheartening language to convey the urgency and power of the battlefield experience. This creates a sense of urgency that reflects the soldier's emotional state. Whereas, Sassoon adopts a more satirical and ironic tone. He uses irony and dark humor to expose the hypocrisy of war. His language is sharp and pointed, which highlights disconnect between the public's glamorized image of war and the soldier's lived reality.

Looking from the perspective of Patriotism "The Fear" express the sympathy for the soldier's difficulty, Gibson doesn't expressively challenge the concept of patriotism. However, by exposing the emotional charge of war, he suggestively questions the blind glorification of national duty that often ignores the human cost. "The Hero", directly critiques the nationalistic patriotism that fuels war. He exposes the glorification of sacrifice as a manipulative tool used to send young men to their deaths. His poem is a powerful attraction of blind patriotism that fails to acknowledge the true cost of war on individuals and society.

Both "The Fear" and "The Hero" offer sad yet contrasting perspectives on the psychological impact of war. While Gibson focuses on the soldier's internal struggle with fear, Sassoon challenges the societal glorification of war and its heroes. They both contribute to a tone understanding of war's emotional complexities and the human deal out to, prompting us to question the simplistic labels of "hero" and "patriotism" in the context of armed conflict.

Q. Do you find any such regional poem/movies/web series/songs which can be compared to any one of the poems given here. Also, give a proper explanation of the similarity.

Yes there is a movie that is ' Kesri ' and there's a song  'Teri Mitti' which suggests the patriotic nature of the song and throughout the movie also we can see the nationalist spirit. 

In poem the Hero, it is an ironical and critical portrayal of war spirit. It talks about the glorification of soldiers who die for their country, and their sacrifices.

The song "Teri Mitti" is a patriotic and celebratory portrayal of soldiers who sacrifice themselves for their nation. It evokes emotions of love for the country and pride in the soldiers' bravery.

The poem uses a sarcastic and disillusioned tone, exposing the hypocrisy and brutality of war. The song uses a passionate and inspirational tone, which talks about the courage, bravery and selflessness of soldiers.

Sassoon employs various imagery and metaphors to depict the fearful realities of war. The song uses simpler language filled with patriotic imagery and slogans to evoke emotions.

Yes, despite their contrasting tones and themes, there are some similarities between "The Hero" and "Teri Mitti".

And also, the poem and song center around soldiers and their experiences. Both acknowledge the sacrifices made by soldiers, though for different reasons. "The Hero" criticizes the glorification of sacrifice, while "Teri Mitti" celebrates it. Both works evoke a sense of patriotism, though "The Hero" questions the reasons behind it, while "Teri Mitti" wholeheartedly promotes it.

Conclusion:

While examining the rich tapestry of World War I poetry and contemporary cultural expressions like movies and songs, we find a visibly loudness between the themes of sacrifice, patriotism, and the human duty of war. The poems of Rupert Brooke, Wilfrid Wilson Gibson, Siegfried Sassoon, and Ivor Gurney offer diverse perspectives on the horrors of war, each reflecting the unique experiences and artistic styles of the poets. Similarly, the comparison between "The Fear" by Gibson and "The Hero" by Sassoon reveals contrasting yet complementary views on the psychological impact of war and the societal perception of heroism. This comparison extends to contemporary cultural works like the movie "Kesari" and the song "Teri Mitti," which echo themes of sacrifice and patriotism while presenting different tones and perspectives. Despite their differences, these works collectively contribute to a deeper understanding of war's complexities and the enduring human spirit.

Happy learning,

Thank you🌻.

W. B. Yeast's Poems

In these blog I'll be discussing about the 2 poems of W.B.Yeats. First I'll be discussing both the poem  separately and then I'll compare it. I hope it would be beneficent.

William Butler Yeats 

William Butler Yeats time duration was from 1865 to 1939, Irish poet, dramatist, and prose writer, one of the greatest English-language poets of the 20th century. He received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1923.

Yeats published several volumes of poetry, notably Poems (1895) and The Wind Among the Reeds (1899), which are typical of his early verse in their dreamlike atmosphere and their use of Irish folklore and legend. But in the collections In the Seven Woods (1903) and The Green Helmet (1910), Yeats slowly discarded the Pre-Raphaelite colours and rhythms of his early verse and purged it of certain Celtic and esoteric influences. The years from 1909 to 1914 mark a decisive change in his poetry.

Some of his notable works are "A Vision" "At the Hawk's Well" "Cathleen ni Houlihan" "Easter 1916" "Four Plays for Dancers" "Last Poems and Two Plays" "Leda and the Swan" "Responsibilities: Poems and a Play" "Sailing to Byzantium" "The Celtic Twilight" "The Countess Cathleen" "The Herne's Egg" "The Second Coming" "The Tower" "The Wanderings of Oisin, and Other Poems" "The Wild Swans at Coole" "The Winding Stair".

"The Second Coming" by W. B. Yeats

 Is a powerful and unsettling poem written in 1919, shortly after the devastation of World War I. It uses Christian imagery of the Apocalypse and Second Coming to paint a dark and foreboding picture of the world on the brink of a major shift.

The poem opens with a sense of chaos and upheaval in the world. Nature is out of balance, society is fracturing, and spiritual faith is waning.Yeats uses vivid and disturbing imagery to convey this sense of apocalypse. He describes "gyring" winds that tear the world apart, falconers whose center cannot hold, and a rough beast slouching towards Bethlehem. The poem explores themes of loss of faith, violence, anarchy, and the potential for a transformative, even terrifying, rebirth.

Many interpretations exist, but some see the poem as a reflection of the historical context of the time, which included the aftermath of the war, the rise of communism, and the Irish War of Independence. Others see it as a more universal commentary on the cyclical nature of history and the potential for humanity to experience radical change.

The poem is divided into two stanzas, each building on the sense of unease and anticipation.

Yeats's personal belief system, including his interest in the occult and mysticism, influenced the poem's imagery and symbolism."The Second Coming" is considered one of Yeats's most important and enduring poems, and it continues to be analyzed and debated by scholars and readers alike.

Critical evalution of the Poem:-

W.B. Yeats' "The Second Coming" is a complex and multifaceted poem, and as such, offering a comprehensive critical evaluation requires considering multiple aspects. Here are some points to consider:

The poem is packed with powerful imagery, from the "tumbling dark" and "gyring falcon" to the "rough beast" and "slouching sphinx." This imagery creates a sense of unease and foreboding, effectively conveying the feeling of a world in chaos and the anticipation of a cataclysmic event. The poem's central figure, the "rough beast," is deliberately obscure. Is it a terrifying indicator of destruction, a necessary force of change, or something else entirely? This ambiguity invites multiple interpretations, making the poem endlessly interesting and relevant to different readers.

Historical context: "The Second Coming" was written in the aftermath of World War I and the Irish Easter Rising, both events that profoundly impacted Yeats. The poem can be seen as a response to these historical upheavals, offering a unprotected but insightful reflection on the state of the world.

The poem's doubtfulness can be a weakness as well as a strength. Some readers may find the "rough beast" and the overall message of the poem to be overly vague or confusing. The poem draws heavily on Yeats' personal mystical beliefs.

"On Being Asked for a War Poem" by W.B. Yeats:

Written in 1915, during the early stages of World War I. Yeats was initially supportive of the war, but quickly became disillusioned by its brutality and senselessness. The poem is a response to a request from Henry James for a patriotic poem about the war.

The poem is only six lines long, but it packs a powerful punch. Yeats argues that it is not the job of poets to glorify war, but to provide solace and beauty in times of darkness. He compares the act of writing a war poem to "meddling" in the affairs of statesmen, who are ultimately responsible for the conflict. Instead, he suggests that poets should focus on offering comfort and joy to individuals, such as a young girl or an old man.

The poem is notable for its simple yet powerful language.

Yeats' use of imagery, such as the "indolence of her youth" and the "winter's night," creates a sense of peace and tranquility that is in stark contrast to the horrors of war. The poem is also ironic, as Yeats suggests that the best way to respond to war is not to fight it, but to ignore it and focus on the things that truly matter.

"On Being Asked for a War Poem" is one of Yeats' most famous poems, and it has been interpreted in many different ways. Some see it as a call for pacifism, while others see it as a more general statement about the importance of art in times of crisis. Regardless of one's interpretation, the poem is a powerful reminder of the human cost of war and the importance of finding beauty and hope in the midst of darkness

Critical Evaluation:-

W.B. Yeats' "On Being Asked for a War Poem" stands as a complex and layered response to the call for patriotic poetry during World War I. It is rich in both its poetic craft and its political and personal dimensions, prompting a range of interpretations and sparking critical debate. Here's a critical evaluation of the poem:

Yeats employs evocative imagery to depict the futility and tragedy of war. The contrast between the "indolence of her youth" and the "blood-dimmed tide" creates a stark tension, while the image of the "lonely watcher of the sea" evokes a sense of isolation and alienation amidst the global conflict. The poem deliberately resists the expectations of conventional war poetry. Instead of glorifying heroism or demonizing the enemy, Yeats questions the very act of using poetry for political propaganda. This challenges readers to think critically about the war and its implications. The poem seamlessly blends personal reflection with political commentary. Yeats's assertion that "we have no gift to set a statesman right" could be interpreted as both a statement of artistic humility and a critique of the inadequacy of political solutions to human conflict.The poem's ballad-like structure with its simple rhyme scheme and meter creates a sense of accessibility and directness.

"On Being Asked for a War Poem" is a compelling and thought-provoking piece that captures the complexity of the poet's role in wartime. Its evocative imagery, subversion of expectations, and personal-political blend make it a significant contribution to war poetry. However, its ambiguity and potential limitations warrant critical consideration and continued discussion.

Comapriosn between the two poem:-

"The Second Coming" deals with apocalypse and historical cycles, specifically the impending end of the Christian era and the rise of a new, violent order. It's filled with prophetic imagery, like the rough beast slouching towards Bethlehem, and a sense of despair and anxiety about the future.

"On Being Asked for a War Poem" focuses on the poet's role in times of violence. Yeats argues that silence is often the more appropriate response than glorifying war. He expresses skepticism about the ability of poetry to influence political events and criticizes the hypocrisy of those who demand patriotic verse.

"The Second Coming" is visionary and dramatic, employing powerful symbolism and apocalyptic imagery. It has a prophetic urgency, using rhetorical questions and exclamations to heighten the sense of impending doom."On Being Asked for a War Poem" is more reflective and conversational, using direct address and argument to convey Yeats's position. It's ironic and self-deprecating, with the speaker questioning his own relevance and the value of poetry in wartime.

While looking towards the similarities both poems grapple with violence and historical upheaval.Both express disillusionment with the present and uncertainty about the future. Both showcase Yeats's mastery of symbolism and imagery.

When we talk about the differences ,"The Second Coming" looks outward at the world, while "On Being Asked for a War Poem"is introspective, focusing on the poet's role."The Second Coming" is dramatic and ominous, while "On Being Asked for a War Poem" is ironic and self-aware."The Second Coming" is a free verse poem, while "On Being Asked for a War Poem" has a regular rhyme scheme and meter.

These two poems offer contrasting perspectives on violence and the poet's role in turbulent times. "The Second Coming" presents a dark vision of the future, while "On Being Asked for a War Poem" questions the simplistic glorification of war and suggests the limitations of poetry in times of crisis. By examining both poems, we gain a deeper understanding of Yeats's complex and multifaceted engagement with historical and political realities.

Conclusion:-

In "The Second Coming," W.B. Yeats reflects on a world in turmoil, expressing a sense of foreboding and chaos. The conclusion suggests a turbulent future, emphasizing the need for spiritual renewal and a new order. On the other hand, "On Being Asked for a War Poem" takes a different approach, highlighting the futility of war and the poet's unwillingness to glorify it. Both poems share a common thread of societal unrest and the quest for meaning, urging readers to contemplate the complexities of the human experience.

I hope these would be helpful. 

Thank you🌻.

Archetypal Criticism

I'm writing this blog as a part of thinking activity assigned by our professor Dr. Dilip Barad sir, in this blog I'll delve into the Archetypal criticism and by discussing some of the questions I'll try to make the concept more clear.

What is Archetypal Criticism?

Archetypal criticism delves into the depths of stories, digging up the recurring patterns and universal symbols that repeat across cultures and time periods. It seeks to understand how literature taps into our shared "collective unconscious," a concept proposed by psychologist Carl Jung.

Imagine a vast variety woven with threads of myths, legends, and recurring themes like the hero's journey, the battle between good and evil, or the forbidden fruit. Archetypal criticism helps us identify these threads in individual literary works, revealing how they contribute to the story's meaning and impact on readers. 

Archetypes are recurring patterns of characters, symbols, and situations that appear across cultures and literary works. Examples include the hero, the fraudster, the wise old mentor, the arden, the journey, and the battle. The Jungian concept proposes that beneath our individual consciousness lies a shared repository of universal memories and experiences, available through myths and dreams. Archetypes are seen as manifestations of this shared unconscious.

Archetypal critics pay close attention to the symbolic meaning of characters, objects, and events within a literary work. They believe that these symbols tap into the collective unconscious and convey deeper meaning beyond the literal surface. It helps us understand how literature speaks to our shared human experiences and emotions, fostering connection and empathy across cultures.

Enriches Interpretation: It provides a lens to analyze literary works with greater depth, uncovering layers of meaning hidden beneath the surface plot.

It shows how contemporary literature echoes and reinterprets ancient myths and archetypes, highlighting the continuity of storytelling across time. Archetypal criticism is not about reducing literature to a set of fixed formulas. It's a tool for exploration, encouraging us to appreciate the depth and richness of stories by recognizing the universal threads that weave them together.

Archetypal Critics and their works:- 

Decoding Universal Patterns in Literature

Archetypal critics delve into the depths of literature, searching for recurring patterns and symbols that echo across cultures and throughout human history. They believe these "archetypes" - universal characters, themes, and images - tap into a shared collective unconscious, shaping and resonating with readers regardless of their individual backgrounds.

Carl Jung: While not a literary critic himself, Jung's concept of the collective unconscious laid the foundation for archetypal criticism. His works like "Symbols and Life" and "Memories, Dreams, Reflections" provided the framework for understanding archetypes as universal symbols.

Northrop Frye: A Canadian literary critic, Frye explored archetypes in great depth in his book "Anatomy of Criticism." He categorized archetypes into genres like comedy, tragedy, and romance, and analyzed how they interact within literary works.

Maud Bodkin: One of the earliest proponents of archetypal criticism, Bodkin focused on the emotional dimensions of archetypes in her book "Archetypal Patterns in Poetry." She examined how archetypes evoke fundamental human experiences like joy, sorrow, and fear.

Joseph Campbell: Known for his book "The Hero with a Thousand Faces," Campbell explored the hero archetype across various cultures and myths. He showed how the hero's journey, with its trials and triumphs, resonates with our own individual struggles and aspirations.

Remember, archetypal criticism is not about reducing a text to a fixed set of meanings. It's about recognizing the deeper patterns and connections that resonate with readers on a universal level. By understanding how archetypes function, we can gain a richer appreciation for the power of literature to connect us to our shared human experience.

Inductive method with an illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Diggers scene:-

The inductive method in literature involves drawing general conclusions from specific observations within a text. It works by analyzing individual details, patterns, and recurring elements to understand a broader theme, significance, or message. 

Here's how it applies to the iconic Grave Digger scene in Shakespeare's Hamlet:

The Gravediggers joking about death, skulls, and decomposition, using earthy humor and dark jokes. They discuss Yorick, a court jester known for his wit and laughter, now reduced to mere bone. Hamlet's philosophical musings on mortality and the shortness of life intertwine with the gravediggers' simple acceptance of death.

The scene confronts the harsh reality of death, highlighting its universality and leveling effect, irrespective of social status (Yorick being a prime example). Hamlet's intellectual contemplation of death clashes with the gravediggers' pragmatic acceptance, raising questions about how individuals grapple with mortality. The scene serves as a stark reminder of our own mortality, urging us to appreciate life and its value.

Focusing on a specific detail like Yorick's skull, the gravedigger remarks, "Now, where be your jibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar?" This observation, though specific to Yorick, leads to a general conclusion about life's fleeting nature and the inevitable loss of earthly pleasures. Hamlet's subsequent meditation on the skull further expands on this theme, drawing broader connections to human existence and the meaning of the life.

Deductive method with reference to an analogy to music, painting, rhythm and patterns:-

The deductive method, in my view, resembles a complex musical composition played out on the canvas of logic. For example a coherence where the opening theme, a universal law or principle, sets the tone. This theme unfolds through intricate melodies, representing specific theories derived from the law. Every note follows the established key, ensuring internal consistency. The percussion of observation and experimentation provides the rhythm, testing each note and tightening the structure. Finally, the grand finale, the conclusion, emerges as a harmonious resolution of the musical puzzle.

Iillustrating with examples:

Painting a Portrait:

Law of  All objects with mass cast gravitational shadows. Theories of This specific object has mass. In Rhythm we observe a shadow under the object. Therefore, the object has mass.

Composing a Rhythm:

In Western music, we can see every measure in 4/4 time must have four quarter-note beats.

The phrase of theory starts with an eighth note followed by a dotted quarter note. In Rhythm we count the remaining beats in the measure. The phrase must end with two eighth notes to complete the four-beat measure.

Discovering a Pattern:

While looking as the law in Fibonacci sequence, each number is the sum of the two preceding numbers. In theory The first two numbers in a sequence are 1 and 1. While observing we calculate subsequent numbers by adding the previous two. The sequence follows the Fibonacci pattern.

Conclusion:-

Each example demonstrates the deductive method's strength in reaching certain and undeniable conclusions. Like a well-crafted piece of music, the structure is airtight, leaving no room for doubt. However, its limitations lie in its dependence on pre-existing laws and accurate observations. Just as a disharmonious chord can disrupt the music, false premises or faulty observations can lead to misleading conclusions.

Here I'm sharing one vidoe of our professor in which it is explained in detail.

Hope the above information would help to reach the thurst of your search🌻.

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For Whom The Bell Tolls by Earnest Hemingway

I'm writing this blog as a part of thinking activity assigned by our ma'am. There are few things which I have discussed below in the novel and I hope it will help you.

     Ernest Miller Hemingway (1899-1961)

was an American novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. His economical and understated style—which included his iceberg theory—had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his adventurous lifestyle and public image brought him admiration from later generations. 

Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and he was awarded the 1954 Nobel Prize in Literature. He published seven novels, six short-story collections, and two nonfiction works. Three of his novels, four short-story collections, and three nonfiction works were published posthumously. Many of his works are considered classics of American literature.

Overview of the novel

For Whom The Bell Tolls opens in May 1937, at the height of the Spanish Civil War. An American man named Robert Jordan, who has left the United States to enlist on the Republican side in the war, travels behind enemy lines to work with Spanish guerrilla fighters, hiding in the mountains. The Republican command has assigned Robert Jordan the dangerous and difficult task of blowing up a Fascist-controlled bridge as part of a larger Republican offensive.

Anselmo guides Robert Jordan to the guerrilla camp, which is hidden in a cave. Along the way, they encounter Pablo, the leader of the camp, who greets Robert Jordan with aggression and opposes the bridge operation because he believes it endangers the guerrilleros’ safety. Robert Jordan suspects that Pablo may destroy the mission.

At the camp, Robert Jordan meets Pilar, Pablo’s “woman.” A rapport quickly develops between Robert Jordan and Pilar. During the course of the evening, Robert Jordan meets the six other inhabitants of the camp: the unreliable Rafael, feisty and foul-mouthed Agustín, dignified Fernando, old Primitivo, and brothers Andrés and Eladio. The camp also shelters a young woman named Maria, whom a band of Fascists raped not long before. Robert Jordan and Maria are immediately drawn to each other.

Robert Jordan and Anselmo leave the camp to scout out the bridge. When they return, Pablo publicly announces that neither he nor his guerrilleros will help blow up the bridge. Pilar and the others disagree, however, so Pablo gloomily gives in. Privately, Rafael urges Robert Jordan to kill Pablo, but Pilar insists that Pablo is not dangerous. That night, Maria comes out to join Robert Jordan as he sleeps outside. They profess love for each other and make love.

The next morning, Pilar leads Robert Jordan through the forest to consult with El Sordo, the leader of another band of guerrilleros, about the bridge operation. They take Maria along. El Sordo agrees to help with the mission, but both he and Robert Jordan are troubled by the fact that the bridge must be blown in daylight, which will make their retreat more difficult. On the way back to Pablo’s camp, Robert Jordan and Maria make love in the forest. When they catch up with Pilar, Maria confesses to Pilar that the earth moved as they made love. Pilar, impressed, says that such a thing happens no more than three times in a person’s lifetime.

Back at the camp, a drunken Pablo insults Robert Jordan, who tries to provoke Pablo, hoping to find an excuse to kill him. Pablo refuses to be provoked, even when Agustin hits him in the face. When Pablo steps away for a few minutes, the others agree that he is dangerous and must be killed. Robert Jordan volunteers to do it. Suddenly, Pablo returns and announces that he has changed his mind and will help with the bridge. Later that night, Maria comes outside to sleep with Robert Jordan again. They talk about their feeling that they are one person, that they share the same body.

In the morning, Robert Jordan wakes up, sees a Fascist cavalryman, and shoots him, awakening the camp. After breakfast, the group hears sounds of a fight in the distance, and Robert Jordan believes that the Fascists are attacking El Sordo’s camp. Agustin and Primitivo want to aid El Sordo, but Robert Jordan and Pilar know that it likely would be useless.

The guerrilleros at Pablo's camp, having heard the planes bomb El Sordo's hill, feel glum as they eat lunch. Robert Jordan writes a dispatch to the Republican command recommending that both the bridge operation and the larger offensive be canceled, for the Fascists are aware of the plan and the operation will not succeed. He sends Andres to deliver the dispatch to the headquarters of General Golz, a Republican leader. Maria again joins Robert Jordan in his sleeping bag that night, and they fantasize about their future life in Madrid.

Meanwhile, in Madrid, Robert Jordan’s friend, a Russian journalist named Karkov, learns that the Fascists know about the offensive the Republicans have planned for the next day. Karkov worries about Robert Jordan.

At two in the morning, Pilar wakes Robert Jordan and reports that Pablo has run away from the camp with some of the explosives that were meant to blow the bridge. Though furious at first, Robert Jordan controls his anger and plans to carry out the operation anyway, with fewer explosives. He wakes up Maria, and as they make love, they feel the earth move again. Pablo suddenly returns just before dawn, claiming that he left in a moment of weakness. He says that he threw the explosives into the river but felt great loneliness after doing so. He has brought back five men with their horses from neighboring guerrilla bands to help. The fighters take their positions.

As dawn breaks, Robert Jordan and Anselmo descend on the bridge, shoot the Fascist guard, and plant the explosives. Pilar arrives and says that Eladio has been killed, while Fernando, fatally wounded, must be left behind. When Robert Jordan detonates the explosives, the bridge falls, but shrapnel from the blast strikes Anselmo and kills him. Pablo emerges from below, saying that all five of his men are dead. Agustin accuses Pablo of shooting the men for their horses, and Pablo does not deny it.

Knowing that he must be left behind, Robert Jordan says goodbye to Maria, saying that he will be with her even if she goes. Pilar and Pablo lead Maria away.

Alone, Robert Jordan contemplates suicide but resolves to stay alive to hold off the Fascists. He is grateful for having lived, in his final few days, a full lifetime. For the first time, he feels “integrated,” in harmony with the world. As the Fascist lieutenant approaches, Robert Jordan takes aim, feeling his heart beating against the floor of the forest. 
 

Flashback technique used in the novel

Flashback is the interruption of the story's continuity to portray an episode or incident that occurred earlier, it is based on the idea of a vivid memory, it enables the writer to provide the reader with background information that appear not to be part of the story that being told but is considered essential by the writer for the understanding of the meaning of the story.

The novel is essentially told in chronological order, taking place in only a few days, much Background Information is given through flashbacks. Jordan ruminates on the orders that had been given him by General Golz through a flashback. The reader also learns from Pilar about Pablo's past and the changes that have taken place in him. In addition, it is through flashback that the reader learns about Jordan's father and Maria's traumas. In spite of the many flashbacks, the story is easy to follow, for it is told in a simple, straightforward style and is tightly unified by time, character, and place.

Except for Andres' journey through enemy lines to locate General Golz, the entire story takes place near the bridge, the area in which both the camps of Pablo and El Sordo are located. Jordan is also the focal point of the entire novel, and Hemingway constantly spotlights his change in attitude about the war. The novel is also unified by the theme of disillusionment about the war. Pablo is already disillusioned at the start of the novel, and Jordan is critical of him for his attitude. As the book progresses, however, Jordan also becomes disillusioned, almost following in Pablo's pattern. Even the strong devoted Pilar has some questions about the cause towards the close of the book.

Certainly, In "For Whom the Bell Tolls," Hemingway employs flashbacks strategically to explore Robert Jordan's relationships and experiences. Through these flashbacks, readers witness Jordan's interactions with various characters, such as his lover Maria, and gain insights into his internal struggles and beliefs. The flashbacks contribute to character development and create a significant portrayal of Jordan's psyche, connecting the past to the present events of the novel. This technique enhances the narrative by weaving a complex tapestry of emotions and memories, enriching the reader's engagement with the story.

According to Richard Taylor flashback is defined as "an episode from a distant and seemingly unrelated past in introduced as thought it were happening in a present time. It is to give some relevant information as to character formation or motive on the one hand on to focus attention towards a resulting pattern of ideas on the other hand.

According to Merriam Webster, said that "flashback is an interruption of chronological sequence by interjection of events of earlier occurrence." By using flashback, writers allow the readers to gain insight into characters motivation and provide a background to a current conflict. Dream sequence and memories are methods. used to present flashback. There are three common forms of flashback they are:

1. The use of an event to bring back vivid memories of past event.

2. The use of old pictures which remind a character of the good old days.

3. The use of old letters that a character comes across which refer to a specific event or events in the past, it is used to convey to the reader information regarding the character's background and give them an idea of the characters motives for doing certain things later in the story therefore it deepens inner conflict in the story.

Robert Jordan as a Typical Hemingway Hero

This novel has been written in order to test the quality of Jordan’s idealism and the chain of obstacles in his path forms the basic structure of the novel. As the action of the novel proceeds, Jordan’s task gets more and more complicated. Pablo is absolutely against Jordan’s plan. He takes it impossible to put into practice because it means the destruction of the land. Hemingway’s heroes are always brave in their acts. Jordan is brave enough that he even does not feel fear in his great risky task of blowing up the bridge.

The reason being, Hemingway’s heroes always like to face risks like Santiago in The Old man and the Sea, Jake Barnes in The Sun Also Rises, Frederic Henry in A Farewell to Arms and Jordan in For Whom the Bell Tolls.

Robert Jordan is a left-wing radical, or was modeled after several of them. He palled around with terrorists, or at least people whom many Americans, of his era and beyond, so thought. His specialty is blowing things up for a cause. He is at minimum a socialist, someone so eager to spread wealth around that he'd lose his life to do it.

Robert Jordan is also honorable, steadfast, selfless, determined, stoic, generous, tolerant, courageous, conscientious, forgiving, selfless, tender, wise, loyal, independent, untalkative , disciplined, dutiful, patient, exacting, empathetic, idealistic, introspective, charismatic and handsome. No wonder the beautiful Maria falls for him the first time she sees him, and the earth moves beneath the two the first time they make love. Robert Jordan is the hero of Ernest Hemingway's "For Whom the Bell Tolls," an American fighting Franco's Fascists in the Spanish Civil War. And despite his radical roots, he's a literary sensation during this election season.

Jordan is such a character who does not give any importance to what happens to himself. He accepts the risky task of blowing up the bridge with an open heart and never shows any sign of cowardice. Though General Golz warns him about the difficulty of the assignment yet he gives a promise to complete it within the limit of time.  In spit of creating obstacles by Pablo, he balances Pablo’s hostility by Pilar’s support. It was being assumed by some critics that Jordan’s falling in love with Maria might become a threat or obstacle in fulfilling his mission. In spite of this, he does not care and we see with the passage of time that it is his love for Maria which enhances his zest. He keeps the two roles that of lover and that of a dynamiter apart, though towards the end of the play, they merge into one another.

Some critics raise objections by saying that sometimes, Jordan appears like a dummy but Hemingway makes him a convincing and courteous personality by his superb art of characterization. So, their objection does not remain for a long time when we see that it is Jordan who fights against many abstractions: liberty, equality, rights of the people, democracy and atrocities of the fascists.

In fact, he is a religiously zealous who fights for a secular ideal. A prominent critic has very rightly said, “He dies for the American dream”. He sacrifices for all the poor people in the world. There is no doubt in saying the fact that his ideals are worth imitating for the people of the rest of the world. He fights for those ideals which are practicable for most of the sensible persons.

Some critics might term it as a flaw in his character that his love for Maria is a weakness in his character. But it is very convincing by his weakness as a human being. His love for Maria is pure and genuine because he loves her by the cores of his heart unlike a drunkard or a womaniser. He wants to remain in her heart forever. He tells his philosophy of love to Pilar that he loves the good things of life and he will die only if it is a necessity. It is his love for Maria which makes him more zealous and enthusiastic in his mission. He is well aware of the sufferings of the Spanish people in a civil war. It is Maria's rape by fascists which compels him to 'teach a lesson to fascists by blowing up the important bridge. He takes Elsardo's death as a serious one which reminds him of all other such deaths. By thinking so, he deeply becomes sad and gloomy

Conclusion

"For Whom the Bell Tolls" is marked by a sense of inevitability and the harsh realities of the wartime setting. Hemingway masterfully captures the complexities of human nature in the face of mortality and the toll that war takes on the individual psyche.The relationship between Robert and Maria, a woman he falls deeply in love with, is a central element that highlights the emotional toll of war and the fragile beauty of human connections amidst chaos. The novel's ending is somber, leaving readers with a lasting impression of the cost of both personal and collective struggles.

I hope this would have been useful.

Happy learning🌻

References 

https://www.goldderby.com/article/2023/for-whom-the-bell-tolls-oscars/

https://euacademic.org/UploadArticle/2868.pdf

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Image: 5

Transcendentalism

I'm writing this blog as a part of thinking activity. In this blog I'll go through some question which will throw more light upon understanding the concept of Transcendentalism. 

                     Transcendentalism 

Transcendentalism was a philosophical, spiritual, and literary movement that originated in the mid-19th century in New England. It emphasized intuition and individual experience over established religious doctrine and social norms. Transcendentalists believed that nature was a divine manifestation and that individuals could achieve a direct connection with the divine through self-reliance and introspection.

Transcendentalists believed that human beings are born good and naturally liable towards truth and beauty. The Transcendentalist valued intuition and individual experience over established religious belief  and social norms. Transcendentalists saw nature as a divine manifestation and believed that one could achieve a direct connection with the divine through experience in nature. They emphasized the importance of self-reliance and individual thought and action. Transcendentalism had a profound influence on American literature, art, and social thought. Some of the most famous Transcendentalists include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and Frederick Douglass.

Transcendentalists  talk about the idividual's relation with nature. What is nature for you? Share your views. 

In an increasingly urbanized world, Transcendentalism appreciation for nature is a reminder of the importance of spending time outdoors and connecting with the natural world. In a world influenced by logic and reason, Transcendentalism emphasis on valuable reminder of the importance of listening to our inner voice.

Nature for me is something that in which an individual can be in the way he/she wants to. Transcendentalism gives freedom of thinking, it inherets the goodness of human nature which connects an individual with divine soul. It gives societal and institutional limitation to look with the particular viewpoint. It relay on the deeper truths of intuition and individual experience, instead of solely relying on logic and analysis. Communication with nature will give you the direct connection with the universe. Self-relience and individual growth is highly valued. It encourages independent thinking and the pursuit of one's authentic self. Nature over here can be seen as the divine source of spiritual insight and inspiration, spending time with nature and appreciating its beauty is key to connect the transcendental spirit. It emphasize on exploring new ideas, personal reflection and living authentically. Through this process of thinking there were many social reforms. Ideas of self-reliance and social justice influenced various reform movements, including women's rights.

Transcendentalism, for me, is more than just a historical movement. It's a set of ideas that encourage us to look within, connect with nature, and struggle for a more authentic and meaningful existence. It's a vibrant reminder that the deepest truths lie not just in external structures, but also within our own hearts and minds. 

 

Transcendentalism is an American philosophy that influenced American literature at  length. Can you find any Indian/Regional litreature or philosophy that come up with such similar thoughts?

Similarities between Henry David Thoreau's "Walden" and traditional Chinese culture, particularly drawing parallels with Confucianism and Taoism:

 The argument suggests that Thoreau's work exhibits both Confucian( an ancient Chinese belief system which focuses on the importance of personal ethics and morality) form and Taoist(an ancient Chinese philosophy and religion that instructs believers in how to exist in harmony with the universe) spirit, despite critics denying any direct influence of Taoism on Thoreau.

The author cites Lin Yutang's assertion that Thoreau is the "most Chinese of all American authors," resembling Chuangtse( Chinese philosopher) in ruggedness and individualistic impatience. The comparison extends to Theodore Dreiser's mention of Thoreau resembling Buddha, Jesus, and Laotse.

However, critics like Lyman V. Cady argue against the influence of Taoism on Thoreau, stating that he made no direct or indirect references to Taoist literature. Cady attributes this lack of influence to the lag in translations of Taoist texts into Western languages during Thoreau's time.

Then counters Cady's arguments, suggesting that there were indeed sources of Taoist literature available to Thoreau. It is mentioned by the French sinologist J.P.A. Rèmusat (was a french sinologist best known as the college de France) whose works were known for the unity, and Emerson found promising definitions for nature in his writings. Thoreau also copied quotations from the Chinese novel "Iu-kiao-li." Additionally, G. Pauthier's French translations of Taoist literature are presented as potential sources for Thoreau's exposure to Taoist ideas.

The author concludes by referencing a catalog of books auctioned in 1924, which includes a manuscript note book of Thoreau containing translations from the French, specifically from Pauthier's "Confucius et Mencius." This discovery suggests that Thoreau did have access to Pauthier's works, supporting the argument that Taoist literature was available to him.

In summary, the passage navigates the debate over whether Thoreau's "Walden" was influenced by Taoist ideas. Later it presents arguments for and against this influence, highlighting potential sources of Taoist literature available to Thoreau, ultimately suggesting that the similarities between Thoreau's ideas and Taoism are too striking to be mere coincidences. ( Reference)

Write in short about the understand of the following essay to the topic given: Margaret Fuller's " The Great Lawsuit ".

Margaret Fuller is centering on the author's notion that a woman should not be defined simply through her relationship with a man. Instead, a woman should seek her life's purpose individually through her own journey before ever seeking communion in any relationship with a man. Fuller's essay seeks equality for all humankind, women and slaves alike. She claims that men and women should have the same rights to property and the right to vote. She does recognize that some men are willing to acknowledge the equality that should exist between the sexes and races. 

However, there are still many more men in the 1840s who fear that if women are given the right to speak out for themselves, they may not actually want the things that men say that they want. Still, Margaret Fuller, within the lines of her essay, The Great Lawsuit, states that women must be able to decide what they want, state it openly, and have the freedom to pursue it, just like men.

This renewed process of equality will not be an easy transition. Fuller recognizes that from birth there must be changes in the treatment of women. No longer should a woman's greatest achievement be to simply find a man who will protect her and provide for her. A woman should attain that protection and provision for herself. When a woman has looked within to find what is needed and no longer depends on a masculine presence, only then should a priority be placed on union with another. The self-reliance that Margaret Fuller stresses for women is her strongest connection to the transcendentalist movement.

Conclusion: 

In the blend of human thought, Transcendentalism threads a narrative that celebrates the intrinsic goodness within individuals and nature. Its call to embrace self-reliance, trust in intuition, and mould a spiritual connection endures as a timeless melody, inviting each soul to dance to its rhythm and weave their own vibrant story within the cosmic fabric of existence. The above given are some of the questions which will be helpful for understanding the topic clearly. 

Reference:

https://archive.vcu.edu/english/engweb/transcendentalism/roots/legacy/19trans.html#:~:text=The%2019th%20century%20Transcendentalists%20called,contained%2C%20internalized%20in%20all%20beings

https://transcendentalism.tamu.edu/thoreau-and-taoism.

https://vaidehi09.blogspot.com/2021/05/transcendentalism-philosophy.html?m=1

Thank you,

Have a fruitful day🌻.

Movie Screening of 12th Fail

There was movie screening of 12th Fail in our college. And now as the part of task assigned I'll analyze the film with specific discourse.

      Comparative study of the film 12th Fail 

Nowadays education is getting too much wide spread and awareness regarding to it is also seen thorough the various campaigns and social media and OTT Service and platforms through movies and all. The main motive is to spread awareness for the education and that motive is very effectively explained in the movie 12th Fail.

Overview of the movie

12th Fail," directed by the acclaimed Vidhu Vinod Chopra, is a 2023 Indian drama film that tackles the unconventional tale. Manoj Kumar Sharma, a young man from Chambal, falls short of his childhood dream of becoming an IPS officer by failing the 12th grade exams. Years later, haunted by regret and societal pressure, he makes a bold decision: restart his academic journey and conquer the notoriously difficult UPSC exam at the age of 25. The film explores themes of resilience, second chances, defying societal expectations, and the quest for self-realization. It challenges conventional notions of success and celebrates the courage to pursue one's dreams, even after facing setbacks.

Cast: Vikrant Massey delivers a powerful performance as Manoj, with supporting roles from Medha Shankar, Anshumaan Pushkar, and Priyanka Chaturvedi.

Theoretical study of framework

There are various scenes through which we can depict the deep meaning incorporated in the frames. This gives an individual the perspective to look upon the things in various critical as well as in analytic way.

So here, when we look at these frame the agnle of the frame which is take from the top which suggests that there is a very small village where the protagonist belonged to. At the very beginning of the film we cannot see any seriousness in Manoj (Protagonist) like he use to cheat during his exams for passing during his academics. Here we can see the authenticity of village in a way we can see the animals and the sound of vehicles. Overall this film deals with the technical journey of Manoj and the theme of education against the societial norms. 

Looking upon the above frame we can get to know that something very dark by the color itself an individual can get to know that some trauma is face by Manoj. Yes it is true when I saw the film at that time there was the scene where he was travelling to the city for his further studies at time his luggage is being stolen and he was sitting out of the coaching class with the shock and trauma he was going through. He was completely clueless about his next step but due to his great determination he sticked to his ambition. 

These scene from the film states that the exam of UPSC is the type of a snake and ladder game. And he finds thorough his journey very supportive friends which helped him to restart his game again. There are very few candidates who get selected every year among the lakhs of candidates.

The above frame looks like the jail which originally is the gate where the candidates are waiting for it to open and they look like a prison waiting for their future with uncertainty. 

In this scene, Manoj is dressed in the uniform of an IPS officer in front of his real inspiration, Digvijaysingh. He reflects on his past mistakes and expresses gratitude for Digvijaysingh's encouragement, which motivated him to become an IPS officer.

The movie, the camera takes us inside the important Union Public Service Commission. It shows the unfairness in the system, especially against candidates who come from local backgrounds. There were some officers who use took interview of Manoj and there in one of the officer I found that there was a language issue he found in Manoj and stated him that you don't even know how to speak English properly and at that time he said that language is just a medium of conveying message it can be in any form. 

The whole cast, especially Medha, who shows grace and warmth, supports him well. The music in the background is simple but powerful, matching the genuine performances that fill the heart touching story. 

Further I found the symbol of struggle and the love which helped him to reach towards his goal. 

The love and support Manoj hot from his mother and grandmother who helped him by giving all the money she saved from the pension she used to get. This love helped him to step out from his village and from their he went to city their during his studies he met his lover she also motivated and helped him to achieve his goal.

Hugs in the movie express different feelings like satisfaction, misery and inspiration. 

Struggle is found in his every phase of life throughout his educational journey. He first worked in a library and also cleaned the bathrooms he use to sleep for the 3 to 4 hours and rest of the time he used to work and study. He also worked in the Atta chakki i.e gristmill that also symbolizes that how difficult is these exam to crack and it also gives inspiration to others. 

Contextualization 

If we observe the changing scenario of the education system, education is becoming less about knowledge and more about entrance tests and material rewards. For the middle class and lower middle class, education is the primary means for financial gains and power. In the movie, a boy belonging to the lower class uses education as a pathway to a better social life and standing.

Education rules should balance making money with being a good person. Smart people warn us not to focus only on practical education. We're busy with exams and jobs, but education is about more - it's about being wise, kind, and living well. Real life needs skills, but learning should also be about being creative, doing the right thing, and helping others.

Thematic Study

Importance of education, the pressure of societal expectations, and importance of family and friends. moreover, it also showcases caste system, and lacking of education system. While belonging from lower class family Manoj goes through many adversities like working in library, work of grindmil, and family responsibilities. The youth of nowadays know that there's no other option then working hard. He is from a rural background. Hindi is the only language he can understand and speak.

Corruption in Government system

The movie pays tribute to a few honest civil servant who resist corruption, even when it's tempting to go along with a system that encourages dishonesty and compromise. The story begins with the focus on Manoj's father, Ramveer. He loses his simple government job because he stands up against a corrupt official and a tricky local lawmaker who misuses his power without any consequences. While the father goes to Gwalior to seek legal help for his unfair dismissal, the son, armed with his grandmother's savings and travels to Delhi to pursue his goals. The main idea is simple: India requires honest civil servants and policemen, just as much as it needs anything else to keep the country going.

Comparative Analysis 

"Super 30" film released in 2019 in Hindi-language is a Biographical drama and is one the similar movie having the same themes of societial culture and education and passion towards their goal. The Anand kumar the protagonist of the movie Super 30 is also belonging to the lower-class family who was good and passionate towards his studies. So here when we see that the character of Anand Kumar is quiet similar to the Manoj Kumar when it comes to struggle and hustle against the life challenging situations. 

Feminist discussion 

The great mythological character of Sita in modern perspective we can see the character of  Shraddha who came from the very settled family yet wanted to be became civil servant instead of opting medical studies which she left it incomplete and changed her mindset after one incident she saw during his medical practice and thought that she want's to cure the societal constraints and wanted to bring some change in the society. 

In contrast, Manoj's mother handles things differently. Though Manoj's father was honest, he chooses to leave home, leaving family responsibilities behind. Under these circumstances, Manoj's mother takes charge of fulfilling family needs on her own without complaining.

Conclusion 

Such motivating movies can bring a lot of positivity among the struggling youth and the concept of Restart brings hope amongst the candidates opting for such a complicated exams. 

There is nothing easy in this life to achieve something you have to do extra or we can say to shine like a star an individual have to be something out of the box. Here I would like to quote a beautiful message that,' Strength and Growth can only come through continuous efforts and Struggles.'

References 

• Barad, Dilip, and Saurabh Khanna. “(PDF) The Changing Priorities of Education in India: A Worrisome Shift Mirrored in Popular Films and Fictions.” ResearchGate, 16 November 2023, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375641812

• Kumar, Anuj. “'12th Fail' movie review: Vidhu Vinod Chopra delivers yet another hug of hope that is more earnest than magical.” The Hindu, 26 October 2023, https://www.thehindu.com/entertainment/movies/12th-fail-movie

Thank you, 

Happy learning

I.A.Richards Practical Criticism

      Practical Criticism by I.A. Richards

I'm writing this blog as a task assigned by our professor, on I.A. Richard Prcatical Criticism and examining the poem while problematizing it and focusing on the metaphors and pictures within it. I'm going to discuss about the poem of W.H.Auden which includes the concept of Practical Criticism.

MUSÉE DES BEAUX ARTS

by W.H. Auden

About suffering they were never wrong,

The Old Masters: how well they understood

Its human position; how it takes place 

While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along;

How, when the aged are reverently, passionately waiting

For the miraculous birth, there always must be 

Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating 

On a pond at the edge of the wood:

They never forgot That even the dreadful martyrdom must run its course 

Anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot 

Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse 

Scratches its innocent behind on a tree.

In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away

Quite leisurely from the disaster; the ploughman may 

Have heard the splash, the forsaken cry, 

But for him it was not an important failure; the sun shone 

As it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green 

Water; and the expensive delicate ship that must have seen 

Something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, 

Had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on.

Examining the problematic questions:-

W. H. Auden, analyzed through the lens of New Criticism, focuses on the theme of indifference towards suffering and tragedy. The poem scrutinizes the way people often overlook human struggles depicted in art, emphasizing the detached perspective of the world. Through meticulous examination of the imagery and language, one can unravel the layers of meaning and explore how Auden challenges the reader to confront the callousness inherent in human nature. New Criticism encourages delving into the intricacies of the text, emphasizing the self-contained nature of the poem and the significance of every word and image chosen by the poet.

1.How does Auden navigate the tension between the public's indifference to human suffering?

2.In what ways does the poem challenge the traditional role of art as a vehicle for empathy and understanding?

3.Can the indifferent viewpoint portrayed in the poem be seen as a commentary on broader societal attitudes towards suffering?

4.How does the choice of the certain paintings mentioned in the poem contribute to Auden's evalution of indifference?

5.Is there an intended doubtfulness in Auden's language, and if so, how does it impact the interpretation of the poem in the context of New Criticism?

These questions aim to provoke deeper analysis and observation of the problematic aspects within "Musee des Beaux Arts" while considering the principles of New Criticism

Here are some metaphors identified in the Poem:-

"While someone else is eating or opening a window or just walking dully along" - Metaphorically describing the indifference or obliviousness of others to human suffering.

"When the aged are reverently, passionately waiting for the miraculous birth" - Metaphorically depicting the anticipation and reverence for a significant event.

"Children who did not specially want it to happen, skating on a pond at the edge of the wood" - Metaphorically suggesting the nonchalant attitude of some towards important events, using the image of children skating.

"Even the dreadful martyrdom must run its course anyhow in a corner, some untidy spot" - Metaphorically portraying the inevitability and often overlooked nature of suffering.

"Where the dogs go on with their doggy life and the torturer's horse scratches its innocent behind on a tree" - Metaphorically illustrating the continuation of everyday activities even in the presence of profound suffering.

"In Breughel's Icarus, for instance: how everything turns away quite leisurely from the disaster" - Metaphorically conveying the world's indifference to significant events, using the example of Breughel's painting.

"The ploughman may have heard the splash, the forsaken cry, but for him, it was not an important failure" - Metaphorically representing the lack of impact or significance for some individuals in the face of tragic events.

"The sun shone as it had to on the white legs disappearing into the green water" - Metaphorically describing the natural continuation of life, even when faced with tragedy.

"The expensive delicate ship that must have seen something amazing, a boy falling out of the sky, had somewhere to get to and sailed calmly on" - Metaphorically highlighting the detachment of certain elements, like the ship, from the profound moments of human experience.

These metaphors contribute to the poem's exploration of the human condition and the world's indifferent response to suffering.

I hope you found it helpfull. 

Thank you🌻